灵芝 Ganoderma lucidum - PubMed 文献
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关于 灵芝
灵芝（Ganoderma lucidum）是多孔菌科真菌赤芝或紫芝的干燥子实体，属于传统中医药（Traditional Chinese Medicine）与药用真菌（Medicinal Fungi）研究范畴，英文常称 Reishi 或 Lingzhi。其活性成分包括灵芝多糖（Ganoderma polysaccharides）、三萜类化合物（triterpenoids）及免疫调节蛋白等。在学术文献中，该关键词与“Ganoderma”、“Reishi mushroom”、“Lingzhi”等近义词高度相关，研究领域横跨药理学、肿瘤学、免疫学及代谢病学。
灵芝的研究热点集中于免疫调节、抗肿瘤辅助治疗、抗氧化与代谢综合征调控。经典议题包括灵芝多糖对巨噬细胞、树突状细胞及细胞因子的影响，三萜类成分的抗炎与保肝机制，以及灵芝在肿瘤微环境中的作用。代表性期刊有《International Journal of Biological Macromolecules》、《Journal of Ethnopharmacology》、《Phytomedicine》等，学者如林志彬、Gao等在该领域有持续贡献。此外，灵芝与肠道菌群互作、神经保护及抗衰老也是活跃方向。
PubMed增强版为灵芝研究者提供多项实用功能：支持中英文摘要对照翻译，帮助快速理解非母语文献；展示期刊影响因子与分区，辅助评估文献质量；提供PDF全文下载链接，简化获取流程；集成AI阅读工具，可自动提取关键结论、活性成分与实验模型，提升文献筛选与综述效率。
灵芝 的 PubMed 搜索结果
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Identification and Quantification of Triterpenoids in Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), with HPLC-MS/MS Methods. 灵芝或赤芝药用蘑菇灵芝（伞菌纲）中三萜类化合物的鉴定与定量：采用HPLC-MS/MS方法
Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most commonly used mushrooms in traditional Chinese medicine, with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor effects. Triterpenoids are deemed to be the main bioactive components in G. lucidum. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS methods were used to identify and quantify, respectively, the main triterpenoids in G. lucidum obtained from different sources. The full MS scan with a daughter ion scan was used to identify a variety of potential derivatives of triterpenoids in the mushroom. Multiple reaction monitoring was performed with transitions of m/z-515.2 → 285.1 (quantifier) and 515.2 → 497.2 (qualifier)-to determine the amount of ganoderic acid A. The developed methods were successfully used to analyze 8 G. lucidum samples from the wild and from cultivated and commercial sources. The results show that the content and composition of triterpenoids differed significantly among these samples. A total of 29 triterpenoids were explicitly or tentatively identified in the wild sample, whereas 23 triterpenoids were found in the cultured sample and 17 in the commercial sample. The results of this study provide a foundation for further research on chemical constituents of, identification of metabolites in, and quality control of the G. lucidum mushroom.
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{"_":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides GL-PPSQ alleviate intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting cytotoxic neutrophil extracellular traps.","sub":["2"]} {"_":"灵芝多糖肽GL-PPSQ通过抑制细胞毒性中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网减轻肠道缺血再灌注损伤。","sub":["2"]}
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptides (GLPP) are the main effective ingredients from G. lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory activities. We extracted and characterized a novel GLPP, named GL-PPSQ, which were found to have 18 amino acids and 48 proteins, connected by O-glycosidic bonds. The monosaccharide composition of GL-PPSQ was determined to be composed of fucose, mannose, galactose and glucose with a molar ratio of 1:1.45:2.37:16.46. By using asymmetric field-flow separation technique, GL-PPSQ were found to have a highly branched structure. Moreover, in an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) mouse model, GL-PPSQ significantly increased the survival rate and alleviated intestinal mucosal hemorrhage, pulmonary permeability, and pulmonary edema. Meanwhile, GL-PPSQ significantly promoted intestinal tight junction, decreased inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis in the ileum and lung. Analysis with Gene Expression Omnibus series indicates that neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation plays an important role in intestinal I/R injury. GL-PPSQ remarkedly inhibited NETs-related protein myeloperoxidase (MPO) and citrulline-Histone H3 (citH3) expression. GL-PPSQ could alleviate intestinal I/R and its induced lung injury via inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular apoptosis, and cytotoxic NETs formation. This study proves that GL-PPSQ is a novel drug candidate for preventing and treating intestinal I/R injury.
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Transcription factor GlbHLH regulates hyphal growth, stress resistance, and polysaccharide biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. 转录因子GlbHLH调控灵芝的菌丝生长、抗逆性和多糖生物合成
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) participate in many physiological and cellular processes in eukaryotes. However, their functions remain unclear in the macro basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum). In this study, a gene encoding bHLH TF, GlbHLH, was identified in G. lucidum. The knockdown of GlbHLH by RNA interference reduced hyphal growth, hyphal branching, and resistant to osmotic, oxidative, and cell wall stress. The content of cell wall components β-1,3 glucan and chitin and the expression of their synthesis genes were decreased in the GlbHLH knockdown strains. The knockdown of GlbHLH led to an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species by decreasing the enzyme activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the production of intracellular polysaccharides and extracellular polysaccharides was greatly decreased in the GlbHLH mutants. These results suggested that GlbHLH is involved in hyphal growth, stress response, and polysaccharide biosynthesis in G. lucidum.
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Culture pH affects exopolysaccharide production in submerged mycelial culture of Ganoderma lucidum. 培养pH影响灵芝液体菌丝培养中胞外多糖的产量
In submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum, the pH optimum for cell growth has been shown to be lower than that for exopolysaccharides (EPS) formation. Therefore, in the present study, a two-stage pH-control strategy was employed to maximize the productions of mycelial biomass and EPS. When compared, a batch culture without pH control had a maximum concentration of EPS and endopolysaccharides, which was much lower than those with pH control. Maximum mycelial growth (12.5 g/L) and EPS production (4.7 g/L) were achieved by shifting the controlled pH from 3.0 to 6.0 after day 4. The contrast between the controlled-pH process and uncontrolled pH was marked. By using various two-stage culture processes, it was also observed that culture pH has a significant affect on the yield of product, mycelial morphology, chemical composition, and molecular weight of EPS. A detailed observation of mycelial morphology revealed that the productive morphological form for EPS production was a dispersed pellet (controlled pH shifting from 3.0 to 6.0) rather than a compact pellet with a dense core area (controlled pH 4.5) or a feather-like pellet (controlled pH shifting from 6.0 to 3.0). Three different polysaccharides were obtained from each pH conditions, and their molecular weights and chemical compositions were significantly different.
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Mechanism of enhanced production of triterpenoids in algal-fungal consortium. 藻类-真菌共生体中三萜类化合物产量提高的机制
Chlorella pyrenoidosa-Ganoderma lucidum symbiotic systems were constructed. The mechanism of enhanced production of triterpenoids in algal-fungal consortium by comparing the contents of triterpenoids in individual fungal systems and algal-fungal consortium systems was investigated. The production of triterpenoids in C. pyrenoidosa-G. lucidum consortium increased significantly (P < 0.05). The categories and relative abundances of metabolites in the individual systems and algal-fungal systems were measured and analyzed by metabonomic tests. There were 57 significant different metabolites (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05) including 12 downregulated metabolites and 45 upregulated metabolites were obtained. The significant enriched metabolic pathways (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05) of citrate cycle (TCA cycle), tyrosine metabolism, glycolysis, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis in algal-fungal consortium were obtained. The relative abundances of important precursors of triterpenoids including mevalonic acid, lanosterol, and hydroquinone were 1.4 times, 1.7 times, and 2 times, respectively, in algal-fungal consortium than that in the individual fungal systems. The presence of C. pyrenoidosa in algal-fungal consortium promoted the biosynthesis of triterpenoids in G. lucidum.
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Integration of normal phase liquid chromatography with supercritical fluid chromatography for analysis of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. 正相液相色谱与超临界流体色谱联用分析灵芝子实体
In this study, a comprehensive 2-D chromatography was constructed, consisting of normal phase LC (NPLC) with a CN column as the first dimension, and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), with a Merck Chromolith Flash C(18) column as the second dimension, which were connected by a 10-port, dual-position valve controlled automatically by a self-designed software. Such platform was applied into the analysis of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, a traditional Chinese medicine, and within 2 h analysis, the obtained peak capacity of the 2-D-NPLC-SFC system was about 350, obviously higher than that of each dimension. These results demonstrate that 2-D-NPLC-SFC is not only of good orthogonality, but also of high throughput for the analysis of complex samples.
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Lanostane triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells. 灵芝子实体中的羊毛脂烷型三萜及其对3T3-L1细胞成脂分化的抑制作用
Four new lanostane triterpenes, butyl ganoderate A (1), butyl ganoderate B (2), butyl lucidenate N (3), and butyl lucidenate A (4), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum together with 14 known compounds (5-18). The structures of the new triterpenes were established by extensive spectroscopic studies and chemical evidence. In addition, the inhibitory effect of isolated compounds on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells was examined.
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CaMV 35S promoter directs beta-glucuronidase expression in Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus citrinopileatus. CaMV 35S启动子引导β-葡萄糖醛酸酶在灵芝和金顶侧耳中的表达
The cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter has been most commonly used in plant transformation studies, but its activity in mushrooms has not been reported. p301-b is a binary vector containing a bialaphos resistance gene driven by the promoter of Lentinus edodes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene. CaMV 35S-GUS was inserted into p301-b, and the resulting construct p301-bG was transformed to protoplasts of Ganoderma lucidum and basidiospores of Pleurotus citrinopileatus. GUS activity was observed in the transformants, indicating that CaMV 35S promoter can direct expression of exogenous gene in the mushrooms. This is the first report on the application of CaMV 35S promoter in genetic modification of mushrooms.
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Developing Ganoderma lucidum as a next-generation cell factory for food and nutraceuticals. 将灵芝开发为用于食品和营养保健品的下一代细胞工厂
Ganoderma lucidum holds a colossal reservoir of hydrolytic enzymes and therapeutic compounds and can be a sustainable source of proteins and bioactive compounds. Its metabolic versatility, propelled by its rich genome content, provides excellent biosynthetic machinery for innovation-driven pathway engineering. However, robust regulatory networks and low frequency of homologous recombination are critical bottlenecks that limit the development of molecular tools and precise genetic markers for biomanufacturing innovations in this organism. Modern synthetic biology provides tools that could help to accelerate precise multiple gene targeting and editing and untangling the biosynthetic machinery of G. lucidum. This review provides insight into molecular strategies to unwind the regulatory bottlenecks and transform G. lucidum into efficient cell factories for food and nutraceuticals.
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Neuroprotective, neurogenic, and anticholinergic evidence of Ganoderma lucidum cognitive effects: Crucial knowledge is still lacking. 灵芝认知效应的神经保护、神经发生和抗胆碱能证据：关键知识仍然缺乏
Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom that has been widely used for centuries in Asian countries for its antiaging properties. It is popularly known as "Ling Zhi," "Reishi," and "Youngzhi," and because of its benefits, it is known as the "immortality mushroom." Pharmacological assays have revealed that G. lucidum ameliorates cognitive impairments through inhibition of β-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle formation, antioxidant effect, reduction of inflammatory cytokine release and apoptosis, genic expression modulation, among other activities. Chemical investigations on G. lucidum have revealed the presence of metabolites such as triterpenes, which are the most explored in this field, as well as flavonoids, steroids, benzofurans, and alkaloids; in the literature, these have also been reported to have mnemonic activity. These properties of the mushroom make it a potential source of new drugs to prevent or reverse memory disorders, as actual medications are able to only alleviate some symptoms but are unable to stop the progress of cognitive impairments, with no impact on social, familiar, and personal relevance. In this review, we discuss the cognitive findings of G. lucidum reported in the literature, converging the proposed mechanisms through the several pathways that underlie memory and cognition processes. In addition, we highlight the gaps that deserve particular attention to support future studies.