成瘾、依恋，还是仅仅在委托？关于“问题性人工智能使用”的范围综述

摘要(中文译文)

生成式与对话式人工智能的迅速普及引发了人们对问题性人工智能使用及人工智能依赖的担忧。尽管缺乏统一框架，相关研究仍大量涌现。本范围综述梳理了以下内容：（研究问题1）定义；（研究问题2）测量方法；（研究问题3）相关因素与结果；（研究问题4）跨操作化定义的初步证据。遵循PRISMA-ScR指南，我们使用关于人工智能与问题性使用的预设检索式检索了Web of Science和Scopus数据库。共纳入37项经同行评审的实证研究。研究结果凸显了术语的不一致以及问题性人工智能使用概念化方式的显著异质性，而构念与操作化定义之间常见的脱节进一步加剧了这一问题，限制了结果的解释。在按其实质性操作化定义对测量工具重新编码后，我们分析了三条主要研究脉络的证据：（1）行为成瘾和/或强迫性使用，其一致地与抑郁、孤独、社交焦虑、逃避主义、心流状态及低自尊/自我效能感相关，其中较年轻的年龄和男性性别为风险因素；（2）认知（过度）依赖，其与绩效期望、学业压力/需求受挫以及对人工智能的素养/信任相关，并有趋同证据表明下游技能受到侵蚀（且在人工智能不可用时表现下降）；（3）心理与情感依赖，其与孤独、焦虑型依恋、拟人化以及对人工智能的温暖感/情商、可靠性和可用性的感知相关。该领域呈碎片化状态，将受益于更清晰的构念界定、能够捕捉该现象所有特征的针对人工智能的验证量表，以及更多纵向和实验设计，以阐明因果机制并支持更安全的系统设计。OSF，访问地址：https://osf.io/cxqrz。

Abstract

The rapid diffusion of generative and conversational AI has raised concerns about problematic AI use and AI dependence. This led to a proliferation of studies addressing the problem, despite the lack of a common framework. This scoping review maps: (RQ1) definitions, (RQ2) measurement approaches, (RQ3) correlates and outcomes, and (RQ4) preliminary evidence across operationalization. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched Web of Science and Scopus using predefined strings on artificial intelligence and problematic use. Thirty-seven empirical peer-reviewed studies were included. Findings highlight inconsistent terminology and considerable heterogeneity in how problematic AI use is conceptualized, exacerbated by a frequent gap between constructs and operationalization that limits interpretation of outcomes. After recoding measures by their substantive operationalization, we analyzed evidence for three main strands: (1) behavioral addiction and/or compulsive use, consistently associated with depression, loneliness, social anxiety, escapism, flow state and low self-esteem/self-efficacy, where younger age and male gender emerge as risk factors; (2) cognitive (over)reliance, linked to performance expectations, academic stress/frustration of needs and literacy/trust in AI, with converging evidence of an erosion of downstream skills (and a decline in performance when AI is unavailable); and (3) Psychological and emotional dependence, associated with loneliness, anxious attachment, anthropomorphizing, and the perception of warmth/emotional intelligence, reliability and availability of AI. The field is fragmented and would benefit from clearer construct specification, AI-specific validated scales capturing all features of the phenomenon, and more longitudinal and experimental designs to clarify causal mechanisms and support safer system design. OSF, accessible at: https://osf.io/cxqrz.

如何引用

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