运动与肠道微生物组：从机制到临床应用
Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: From Mechanisms to Clinical Applications.
摘要(中文译文)
肠道微生物组是宿主代谢、免疫及肠-脑轴的关键调节者。运动是一种颇具前景的微生物生态非药物调节手段，然而人体证据仍存在异质性，转化差距持续存在。本叙述性综述综合了运动-肠道微生物组轴的机制、人体与动物证据及未来方向。检索了PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science和SID数据库中2000年1月至2025年2月发表的文献。关键词包括运动、体力活动、肠道微生物组、肠道菌群、短链脂肪酸和肠-肌肉轴。从218条初始记录中，89项原始研究（47项人体研究，42项动物研究）符合纳入标准并接受了批判性评价。运动通过内脏低灌注、高热、转运时间改变及免疫介导的屏障调节来调控肠道微生物组。中等强度持续训练持续增加α多样性并富集产丁酸菌群（、）及黏液降解菌。高强度间歇训练在未训练个体中短暂增加肠道通透性，但在适应后，通过乳酸交叉喂养代谢刺激丁酸产生——这是一项近期突破。效应是短暂的，并在停止训练后可逆。动物模型通过粪菌移植确立了因果关系；人体随机对照试验显示反应温和、强度依赖性且高度个体化。新兴证据支持肠-肌肉轴在肌少症中的作用以及基于微生物组分析的个性化运动处方。运动作为肠道微生物组的低成本调节手段展现出前景，可富集健康相关菌群并改善代谢结局。将运动诱导的微生物变化与人体运动表现增强联系起来的确定性证据仍然缺乏。未来研究需要饮食控制的随机对照试验，干预时间≥12周，采用鸟枪法宏基因组学，并在人体中对肠-肌肉轴进行机制验证。
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a critical regulator of host metabolism, immunity, and the gut-brain axis. Exercise is a promising non-pharmacological modulator of microbial ecology, yet human evidence remains heterogeneous and the translational gap persists. This narrative review synthesizes mechanisms, human and animal evidence, and future directions for the exercise-gut microbiome axis. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SID were searched for articles published between January 2000 and February 2025. Keywords included exercise, physical activity, gut microbiome, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and gut-muscle axis. From 218 initial records, 89 original studies (47 human, 42 animal) met inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. Exercise modulates the gut microbiome via splanchnic hypoperfusion, hyperthermia, altered transit time, and immune-mediated barrier regulation. Moderate-intensity continuous training consistently increases alpha diversity and enriches butyrate-producing taxa (, ) and mucin-degrading . High-intensity interval training transiently increases intestinal permeability in untrained individuals but, following adaptation, stimulates butyrate production via lactate cross-feeding metabolism-a recent breakthrough. Effects are transient and reversible upon detraining. Animal models establish causality through fecal microbiota transplantation; human randomized controlled trials demonstrate modest, intensity-dependent, and highly individualistic responses. Emerging evidence supports the gut-muscle axis in sarcopenia and personalized exercise prescription guided by microbiome profiling. Exercise shows promise as a low-cost modulator of the gut microbiome for enriching health-associated taxa and improving metabolic outcomes. Definitive evidence linking exercise-induced microbial shifts to enhanced athletic performance in humans remains lacking. Future research requires diet-controlled randomized controlled trials with ≥12-week interventions, shotgun metagenomics, and mechanistic validation of the gut-muscle axis in humans.
如何引用
AMA
Yousra Alsinani, Fatemeh Rostamkhani, Hossein Shirvani. Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: From Mechanisms to Clinical Applications.. Nutrients. 2026; doi:10.3390/nu18101565.
APA
Yousra Alsinani, Fatemeh Rostamkhani, Hossein Shirvani (2026). Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: From Mechanisms to Clinical Applications.. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101565
GB/T 7714
Yousra Alsinani, Fatemeh Rostamkhani, Hossein Shirvani. Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: From Mechanisms to Clinical Applications.[J]. Nutrients, 2026 doi:10.3390/nu18101565.
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