疟疾 malaria - PubMed 文献
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关于 疟疾
疟疾（malaria）是由疟原虫（Plasmodium）感染引起的虫媒传染病，主要通过雌性按蚊（Anopheles）叮咬传播，少数可经输血或母婴途径感染。临床上以周期性发热、寒战、出汗、贫血和脾肿大为特征，重症可累及脑、肾等器官。该病属于寄生虫病学、传染病学与全球公共卫生范畴，常见类型包括间日疟、恶性疟、三日疟和卵形疟。中文常称“打摆子”“冷热病”，英文同义词有 malaria fever、paludism、ague 等。疟疾与蚊媒防控、抗疟药耐药、疫苗研发及热带医学密切相关，是国际卫生组织重点关注的传染病之一。
疟疾研究长期聚焦于青蒿素联合疗法（ACT）的耐药监测、恶性疟原虫（P. falciparum）基因组与致病机制、红前期与红内期疫苗靶点、媒介按蚊的杀虫剂抗性及种群生态。经典议题包括宿主免疫应答、疟疾与 HIV 或贫血的共感染、妊娠期疟疾、快速诊断试剂优化以及消除策略中的主动病例侦查。代表性期刊有《Malaria Journal》《The Lancet Infectious Diseases》《PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases》等，世界卫生组织（WHO）发布的全球疟疾报告是重要参考。学者如 Nicholas White 等在抗疟治疗领域有广泛影响。
PubMed增强版可帮助疟疾研究者与临床人员更高效地利用文献资源：支持中英文摘要对照翻译，便于快速理解非母语论文；展示期刊影响因子与分区信息，辅助评估文献权重；提供部分开放获取 PDF 的便捷下载入口；并可通过 AI 阅读功能提炼全文要点、生成结构化摘要，帮助用户在大量疟疾相关文献中定位关键证据，提升检索与阅读效率。
疟疾 的 PubMed 搜索结果
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Once malaria is eliminated, more attention should be paid to imported malaria: Data from five years of surveillance in the City of Yiwu in eastern China. 疟疾消除后应更加关注输入性疟疾：中国东部义乌市五年监测数据
This study reviewed and analyzed data on malaria cases in Yiwu from 2012 to 2016 via a webbased system for managing and reporting information on infectious diseases. A total of 161 cases were diagnosed (77.02% due to Plasmodium falciparum, 18.01% due to P. vivax, 4.35% due to P. ovale, and 0.62% due to P. malariae). One case was imported from Yunnan Province in China and the others were imported from overseas. The ratio of male to female patients was 7.47:1. The average age was 36.34 years (SD: 9.63). Most cases (87.58%) were imported from 1 of 30 countries in Africa. As malaria is gradually being eliminated in China, the main task at this stage has transitioned to the prevention and control of cases of imported malaria. Particular attention should be paid to malaria cases from Africa.
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A Systematic Review: Performance of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for the Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale Monoinfections in Human Blood. 系统综述：快速诊断检测法检测人血中诺氏疟原虫、三日疟原虫和卵形疟原虫单一感染的性能
Despite the increased use and worldwide distribution of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that distinguish between Plasmodium falciparum and non-falciparum species, little is known about their performance detecting Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk), Plasmodium malariae (Pm), and Plasmodium ovale (Po). This review seeks to analyze the results of published studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of malaria RDTs in detecting Pk, Pm, and Po monoinfections. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CENTRAL databases were systematically searched to identify studies that reported the performance of RDTs in detecting Pk, Pm, and Po monoinfections. Among 40 studies included in the review, 3 reported on Pk, 8 on Pm, 5 on Po, 1 on Pk and Pm, and 23 on Pm and Po infections. In the meta-analysis, estimates of sensitivities of RDTs in detecting Pk infections ranged 2%-48%. Test performances for Pm and Po infections were less accurate and highly heterogeneous, mainly because of the small number of samples tested. Limited data available suggest that malaria RDTs show suboptimal performance for detecting Pk, Pm, and Po infections. New improved RDTs and appropriately designed cross-sectional studies to demonstrate the usefulness of RDTs in the detection of neglected Plasmodium species are urgently needed.
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Rare quadruple malaria infection in Irian Jaya Indonesia. 印度尼西亚伊里安查亚罕见的四重疟疾感染
We report an exceptional finding from a blood slide collected in a remote area in the western half of New Guinea Island (Irian Jaya Province, Indonesia). One adolescent patient was found patently coinfected with all 4 known human malaria species, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale. Diagnostic erythrocytic stages of all 4 species were clearly seen in the peripheral blood. A nested polymerase chain reaction, using species-specific primer pairs to detect DNA, helped substantiate this finding. Previous reports from Africa, Thailand, and New Guinea have detected all 4 species in a population but not simultaneously in an individual with a patent, microscopically detectable infection. We believe this quadruple infection represents the first reported natural case of all 4 human malaria parasites observed concurrently in the peripheral blood from a single Giemsa-stained slide.
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[The Epidemiology of Malaria in Kayseri Between 2001 and 2013]. [2001年至2013年开塞利疟疾流行病学]
Malaria is the primary parasitic cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. As a result of the expansion of international travel in recent years, imported malaria cases especially are increasing in our country. Likewise, while there were more domestic cases earlier in Kayseri, more imported cases were seen in recent years. In our study, the epidemiology of malaria cases between the years of 2001-2013 is intended to be done with the data obtained from the Provincial Health Directorate. The data was performed retrospectively. Considering the last 12 years of data; a total of 34,459 blood samples were analyzed and 47 of these cases were found to be malaria, 21 cases were domestic and others were imported cases of malaria. P. vivax was detected in all domestic cases. While one of the imported cases have been identified as P. malariae, others were P. falciparum. We believe that our study of the epidemiological data would be beneficial for taking preventive cautions and fight against malaria.
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Re-evaluation of microscopy confirmed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria by nested PCR detection in southern Ethiopia. 在埃塞俄比亚南部通过巢式PCR检测重新评估显微镜确诊的恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫疟疾
With 75% of the Ethiopian population at risk of malaria, accurate diagnosis is crucial for malaria treatment in endemic areas where Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax co-exist. The present study evaluated the performance of regular microscopy in accurate identification of Plasmodium spp. in febrile patients visiting health facilities in southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was employed to recruit study subjects who were microscopically positive for malaria parasites and attending health facilities in southern Ethiopia between August and December 2011. Of the 1,416 febrile patients attending primary health facilities, 314 febrile patients, whose slides were positive for P. falciparum, P. vivax or mixed infections using microscopy, were re-evaluated for their infection status by PCR. Finger-prick blood samples were used for parasite genomic DNA extraction. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to reconstruct the distribution of different Plasmodium spp. across the three geographical areas. Of the 314 patients with a positive thick blood smear, seven patients (2%) were negative for any of the Plasmodium spp. by nested PCR. Among 180 microscopically diagnosed P. falciparum cases, 111 (61.7%) were confirmed by PCR, 44 (24.4%) were confirmed as P. vivax, 18 (10%) had mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax and two (1.1%) were mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. malariae and five (2.8%) were negative for any of the Plasmodium spp. Of 131 microscopically diagnosed P. vivax cases, 110 (84%) were confirmed as P. vivax, 14 (10.7%) were confirmed as P. falciparum, two (1.5%) were P. malariae, three (2.3%) with mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax and two (1.5%) were negative for any of the Plasmodium spp. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax mixed infections were observed. Plasmodium malariae was detected as mono and mixed infections in four individuals. False positivity, under-reporting of mixed infections and a significant number of species mismatch needs attention and should be improved for appropriate diagnosis. The detection of substantial number of false positive results by molecular methodologies may provide the accurate incidence of circulating Plasmodium species in the geographical region and has important repercussions in understanding malaria epidemiology and subsequent control.
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Comparative evaluation of microscopy, OptiMAL(®) and 18S rRNA gene based multiplex PCR for detection of Plasmodium falciparum & Plasmodium vivax from field isolates of Bikaner, India. 显微镜检查、OptiMAL®和基于18S rRNA基因的多重PCR检测印度比卡内尔野外分离株中恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫的比较评估
To evaluate microscopy, OptiMAL(®) and multiplex PCR for the identification of Plasmodium falciparumm (P. falciparum) and Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) from the field isolates of Bikaner, Rajasthan (Northwest India). In this study, a multiplex PCR (P. falciparum and P. vivax) was further developed with the incorporation of Plasmodium malariae (P. malariae) specific primer and also a positive control. The performance of microscopy, plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) based malaria rapid diagnostic test OptiMAL(®) and 18S rRNA gene based multiplex PCR for the diagnosis of P. falciparum and P. vivax was compared. The three species multiplex PCR (P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae) with an inbuilt positive control was developed and evaluated. In comparison with multiplex PCR, which showed the sensitivity and specificity of 99.36% (95%CI, 98.11%-100.00%) and 100.00% (95%CI, 100.00%-100.00%), the sensitivity and specificity of microscopy was 90.44% (95%CI, 88.84%-95.04%) and 99.22% (95%CI, 97.71%-100.00%), and OptiMAL(®) was 93.58% (95%CI, 89.75%-97.42%) and 97.69% (95%CI, 95.10%-100.00%). The efficiencies were 99.65%, 95.10% and 95.45% for multiplex PCR, microscopy and OptiMAL(®), respectively. Our results raise concerns over the overall sensitivities of microscopy and OptiMAL(®), when compared to the multiplex PCR and thus stress the need for new molecular interventions in the accurate detection of the malarial parasites. This further highlights the fact that further developments are needed to improve the performance of rapid diagnostic tests at field level.
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Genetic polymorphism and natural selection of apical membrane antigen-1 in Plasmodium malariae isolated from Vietnam. 越南分离的三日疟原虫顶端膜抗原-1的遗传多态性和自然选择
Plasmodium malariae, a causative agent of human quartan malaria, has been largely overlooked due to its mild clinical manifestations and low prevalence. Genetic information of the parasite is also very limited, particularly for clinical isolates. In this study, we analyzed the genetic nature of apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) in Vietnam P. malariae isolates to expand knowledge on the genetic nature of the vaccine candidate protein. The gene encoding AMA-1 of P. malariae (pmama-1) was amplified from 95 Vietnam P. malariae isolates and sequenced. Polymorphic patterns and natural selection of the pmama-1 were examined with programs such as BioEdit, MEGA4, and DnaSP. Comparative analysis of genetic polymorphisms and natural selection in pmama-1 from other Southeast Asia countries was also conducted. A total of 117 Vietnam pmama-1 sequences were obtained from 95 Vietnam P. malariae isolates. The majority of amino acid polymorphisms were identified in domains I and II, grouping Vietnam pmama-1 into 19 distinct haplotypes. Although overall profiles of amino acid polymorphisms in Vietnam pmama-1 mirrored those from other Southeast Asia countries, positions and frequencies of amino acid changes varied by countries. Most amino acid changes detected in pmama-1 were predicted to be positioned on the surface of the protein. Evidences of natural selection and evolutionary trend of the gene were also observed. This study highlights a substantial genetic heterogeneity of pmama-1 in P. malariae population and expands our knowledge on genetic nature of this gene. To understand the genetic nature and evolution of global pmama-1, further studies with larger numbers of P. malariae isolates from other global regions are necessary.
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Four human Plasmodium species quantification using droplet digital PCR. 使用液滴数字PCR定量四种人类疟原虫
Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is a partial PCR based on water-oil emulsion droplet technology. It is a highly sensitive method for detecting and delineating minor alleles from complex backgrounds and provides absolute quantification of DNA targets. The ddPCR technology has been applied for detection of many pathogens. Here the sensitive assay utilizing ddPCR for detection and quantification of Plasmodium species was investigated. The assay was developed for two levels of detection, genus specific for all Plasmodium species and for specific Plasmodium species detection. The ddPCR assay was developed based on primers and probes specific to the Plasmodium genus 18S rRNA gene. Using ddPCR for ultra-sensitive P. falciparum assessment, the lower level of detection from concentrated DNA obtained from a high volume (1 mL) blood sample was 11 parasites/mL. For species identification, in particular for samples with mixed infections, a duplex reaction was developed for detection and quantification P. falciparum/ P. vivax and P. malariae/ P. ovale. Amplification of each Plasmodium species in the duplex reaction showed equal sensitivity to singleplex single species detection. The duplex ddPCR assay had higher sensitivity to identify minor species in 32 subpatent parasitaemia samples from Cambodia, and performed better than real-time PCR. The ddPCR assay shows high sensitivity to assess very low parasitaemia of all human Plasmodium species. This provides a useful research tool for studying the role of the asymptomatic parasite reservoir for transmission in regions aiming for malaria elimination.
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Infection of Peruvian Aotus nancymai monkeys with different strains of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae. 秘鲁夜猴感染不同株恶性疟原虫、间日疟原虫和三日疟原虫的研究
Aotus nancymai (karyotype I) monkeys from Peru were studied for their susceptibility to infection with Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae. Three strains of P. falciparum (Santa Lucia from El Salvador, Indochina I/CDC from Thailand, and Uganda Palo Alto) were inoculated into 38 monkeys. The results indicated that this species of Aotus monkey is highly susceptible to infection. The Uganda Palo Alto and the Santa Lucia strain parasites appear to be the most useful for immunologic and chemotherapeutic studies. Five strains of P. vivax (Chesson, ONG, Vietnam Palo Alto, Salvador I, and Honduran I/CDC) were inoculated into 28 monkeys. The Vietnam Palo Alto strain produced the highest level parasitemias ranging from 23,800 to 157,000/mm3. Mosquito infections were obtained with the ONG, Chesson, and Salvador I strains. Two out of 6 attempts to transmit P. vivax via sporozoite inoculation to splenectomized monkeys were successful with prepatent periods of 39 and 57 days. Five monkeys were infected with the Uganda I/CDC strain of P. malariae. Maximum parasitemias ranged from 10 to 5,390/mm3.
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Outpatient treatment of malaria in recently arrived African migrants. 新抵达非洲移民的疟疾门诊治疗
To describe the clinical features and management of African migrants recently arrived in Western Australia and subsequently diagnosed with malaria. Retrospective case record analysis of African migrants aged > or = 16 years with malaria referred to Royal Perth Hospital (RPH) from the WA Migrant Health Unit (MHU) between 1 March 2003 and 30 September 2005. Demographic variables; clinical and laboratory variables; Plasmodium species; antimalarial medications used and their efficacy. 57 (3.5%) of 1609 adult African migrants screened at the MHU were diagnosed with malaria and referred for treatment. 52 were infected with P. falciparum, two with P. ovale, one with P. malariae, and one with both P. falciparum and P. malariae; the malaria parasite could not be identified in one individual. No patients had severe malaria by World Health Organization criteria. Most patients (53/57) were treated as outpatients with oral antimalarial therapy; four patients without severe malaria were admitted to hospital for treatment and observation. Atovaquone-proguanil was the antimalarial medication most commonly used (in 52/57), and treatment was well tolerated in most patients. Post-treatment follow-up was possible in 50 patients; all 27 of those who were followed for 4 weeks or longer were cured. Cure could not be concluded in patients with shorter follow-up periods. All follow-up blood films were negative for malarial parasites. Outpatient treatment of malaria in recently arrived adult African migrants appeared to be safe and efficacious in our cohort.