TOXICON毒素
TOXICON(英文缩写 TOXICON),ISSN 0041-0101,eISSN 1879-3150,中文译名:毒素 是一本学术期刊。本页汇总该期刊的最新影响因子、分区信息以及最新收录于 PubMed 的文献,帮助您快速了解期刊全貌。
发文量统计区间：2025-09-27 至 2026-09-27，按本站收录文献的发表日期统计。
期刊介绍
历年影响因子趋势
| JCR 数据年份 | 影响因子 | JCR 分区 |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 3.035 | Q3 |
| 2022 | 2.800 | Q3 |
| 2023 | 2.600 | Q2 |
| 2024 | 2.400 | Q3 |
| 2025 | 2.800 | Q3 |
TOXICON 最新收录文献
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1. Functional venom activity and antivenom neutralization in rattlesnakes across Baja California and Gulf of California islands.
PMID:日期:2026-12-01Snake venoms are complex biochemical phenotypes whose composition can diverge dramatically among taxa, yet the functional and biomedical consequences of such variation remain understudied for many lineages. Here, we characterized the functional activities of venom from multiple rattlesnake species distributed across insular and mainland localities in the Baja California Peninsula and Gulf of California. We quantified phospholipase A (PLA), proteolytic, and fibrinogenolytic activities as well as median lethal doses (LD) for 55 individuals across Crotalus enyo, C. mitchellii, C. pyrrhus sensu lato, and C. ruber. We also evaluated the neutralization efficacy of the commercial polyvalent antivenom Antivipmyn®. Venom functional activities differed significantly among species. Crotalus mitchellii expressed a neurotoxic phenotype characterized by the highest PLA activity, the lowest LD values, and minimal proteolysis. Crotalus pyrrhus and C. ruber expressed proteolytic phenotypes with high enzymatic activity and ubiquitous dual-chain fibrinogenolysis. Crotalus enyo exhibited intermediate functional activities with moderate enzymatic output and the most efficient antivenom neutralization among species. Although Antivipmyn® neutralized the lethal activity of all venoms, efficacy differed significantly among species in both mass-normalized (mgAV/mgV) and potency-scaled (LD-equivalents per vial) metrics. Notably, insular and mainland populations within species showed qualitative variation in both functional activities and antivenom responses. These results establish that the focal species possess functionally distinct venom phenotypes with species-specific consequences for antivenom neutralization, underscoring the relevance of venom functional characterization for clinical management of envenomation across the Baja California region.
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2. Network pharmacology combined with the experiments reveals ferroptosis-related targets of quercetin against DON-induced liver injury.
2. 网络药理学结合实验揭示了槲皮素对DON诱导的肝损伤的铁下垂相关靶点PMID:日期:2026-12-01Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that severely contaminates agri-food products and causes liver injury. Quercetin (Que) has anti-ferroptosis and hepatoprotective effects. This study employed a network pharmacology approach to investigate ferroptosis-associated targets underlying Que's mitigation of DON-induced liver injury, with experimental validation of its hepatoprotective mechanisms. We identified four ferroptosis regulatory targets of Que associated with liver injury: GPX4, HMOX1, SLC7A11, and TFRC. Enrichment analysis revealed key signaling pathways modulated by Que in liver injury: ferroptosis. The results showed that DON significantly decreased the levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 and increased the levels of TFRC in liver tissue. DON decreased GSH level and GSH-Px activity, and increased MDA and iron levels, resulting in structural and functional damage to hepatocyte mitochondria and liver tissue. All of these DON-induced adverse liver changes were reversed by Que treatment, thereby improving the growth performance of mice. In vitro, DON decreased GPX4, SLC7A11, GCLC, NQO1, and Nrf2 expression; promoted TFRC expression and MDA, 4-HNE, and total ROS production; accelerated GSH depletion; and enhanced lipid ROS accumulation and Fe(II) overload, leading to ferroptosis. Que pretreatment reversed these changes and alleviated DON-induced ferroptosis, thereby increasing cell viability and cell growth. In addition, Que decreased erastin and RSL3-induced lipid ROS level. Altogether, Que attenuated DON-induced liver injury by activating the SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 signalling pathway, and thereby inhibiting hepatic ferroptosis. This study indicated that Que has a positive impact on liver health in toxin pollution.
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3. Comparative evaluation of different detoxification treatments on Lantana camara leaves: Isolation, quantification, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of Lantadene A.
PMID:日期:2026-12-01Deficiency of feed and fodder year-round is the biggest challenge for livestock rearing in the context of climate change and global warming. Among the unconventional forage sources, Lantana camara has recently gained attention because of its widespread availability. The plant leaves contain a significant amount of protein and nutrients, which makes them a potential forage source. However, the occurrence of lantadenes is also responsible for hepatotoxicity in animals. Therefore, this study investigated the comparative evaluation of different detoxification treatments on L. camara leaves and their possible effects on nutritional composition, Lantadene A concentration, and in vitro cytotoxicity. The L. camara leaves were given eight different treatments, viz. shade-drying, sun-drying, soaking in water, chopping, activated-charcoal-treatment, aqueous Berberis lycium extract-treatment, aqueous Picrorhiza kurroa extract-treatment, and untreated leaves. Later, lantadenes were isolated from all the treated lantana leaves. Thin-layer chromatography was carried out for qualitative estimation of lantadenes, followed by quantification of lantadene A by UHPLC-PDA method. The quantitative analysis revealed a decrease in Lantadene A content in aqueous P. kurroa-treated leaves (453.2 mg/g) and those soaked in water (460.5 mg/g) as compared to untreated (490.9 mg/g). In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation on Caco-2 cell lines was done by MTT assay to determine the IC values. The analysis of the results revealed that soaking in water for 18 h is expected to decrease the toxicity of L. camara leaves. The soaked leaves had higher crude protein (23.9%), ether extract (8.7%), and crude fibre (13.7%) contents. Therefore, this treatment needs to be further investigated in an in vivo model to find the safe level of inclusion in animal feed.
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4. Naturally occurring Centratherum punctatum Cass. (Asteraceae) poisoning in sheep in northeastern Brazil.
PMID:日期:2026-12-01Centratherum punctatum Cass. (Asteraceae) is a widely distributed plant in northeastern Brazil and has been associated with natural poisoning in cattle and goats, as well as experimental intoxication in sheep. However, naturally occurring poisoning in sheep has not previously been documented. This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and histopathological findings of two outbreaks of C. punctatum poisoning in sheep from the semiarid region of Paraíba State, northeastern Brazil. In Outbreak 1, 20 sheep grazing in a forage cactus (Opuntia spp.) field heavily invaded by C. punctatum developed soft feces, diarrhea, dehydration, and rapid loss of body condition. All animals recovered spontaneously after access to the plant was prevented, while forage cactus consumption continued. In Outbreak 2, four sheep received freshly harvested forage predominantly composed of C. punctatum. The adult ewe and ram developed only soft to pasty feces and recovered within five days after plant withdrawal, whereas two lambs developed severe gastrointestinal disease and died. Fecal egg counts were low, hematological findings were unremarkable, and hepatic and renal biochemical parameters evaluated in Outbreak 2 remained within their respective reference intervals. Necropsy of the lambs revealed lesions predominantly affecting the gastrointestinal tract, including ruminal reddening, ruminal tympany and dry, compacted gastrointestinal contents in one lamb, and abundant fluid gastrointestinal contents in the other, abomasal edema with multifocal superficial erosions, and intestinal hyperemia. Histologically, the forestomachs showed epithelial degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolation, multifocal erosions, adherent necrotic cellular debris, mild mixed inflammation, and vascular congestion. The abomasum showed multifocal superficial erosions, while the small intestine exhibited moderate diffuse lymphoplasmacytic enteritis without identifiable parasitic structures. The convergence of epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings, together with recovery after plant withdrawal, supports C. punctatum as the cause of disease. This study provides the first detailed characterization of naturally occurring C. punctatum poisoning in sheep.
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5. The genomic alchemist's arsenal: A comprehensive review of gene recruitment, regulatory rewiring, and the evolutionary arms race in snake envenomation.
PMID:日期:2026-12-01Snake venom represents a striking example of evolutionary innovation, in which ancestral physiological gene networks have been co-opted into potent biochemical weapons. Advances in multi-omics, single-cell genomics, and structural bioinformatics have catalyzed a conceptual shift from descriptive toxin cataloging to a systems-level understanding of venom evolution, regulation, and function. This Review integrates genomic, cellular, and structural perspectives to delineate the molecular architecture underpinning venom diversification and target-site co-evolution. Emphasis is placed on regulatory mechanisms driving rapid expression plasticity, including super-enhancer activity, transposable element insertion, spatial heterogeneity within the venom gland, and non-coding RNA-mediated modulation. At the protein level, the review examines how hypervariable toxins engage in structural arms races with prey targets, and how multi-toxin complex formation, functional synergy, and molecular dynamics simulations inform models of lethality and resistance. A comparative framework is provided by contrasting high-potency predatory snake venoms with low-potency defensive venoms of hymenopterans such as bees and wasps, revealing how ecological selective pressures shape toxin potency, composition, and target specificity across taxa. Finally, current translational strategies are evaluated, with a focus on the relative merits of recombinant human monoclonal antibodies versus catalytic-site small-molecule inhibitors as deployable interventions for snakebite. By synthesizing evolutionary genomics, structural biology, comparative toxinology, and synthetic antivenomics, this Review outlines a predictive framework for anticipating venom evolutionary trajectories and for designing broad-spectrum, next-generation therapeutics.
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6. Cobrotoxin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior in mice.
6. 眼镜蛇神经毒素减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠抑郁样行为PMID:日期:2026-12-01Depression is a debilitating psychiatric disorder closely linked to neuroinflammation. Cobrotoxin (CoTX), an active component of Naja atra venom, exhibits multiple therapeutic effects, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and microcirculation-improving properties. However, its role in neuroinflammation-associated depression remains unexplored. This study investigated the effects of CoTX on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior in mice and underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that CoTX treatment significantly ameliorated LPS-induced depression-like behaviors, as shown by increased sucrose preference in the sucrose preference test (SPT) and reduced immobility time in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Notably, the antidepressant-like effects of CoTX were not attributable to enhanced locomotor activity, as CoTX did not reverse LPS-induced hypolocomotion in the open field test (OFT). Histological analysis via Nissl staining revealed that CoTX increased the density of viable neurons in the hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) regions. Furthermore, CoTX suppressed LPS-induced microglial overactivation in the hippocampus, as reflected by reduced IBA-1-positive cell area and altered microglial morphology. Mechanistically, CoTX downregulated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ) in the mouse cerebral cortex. In vitro studies using BV-2 microglial cells confirmed that CoTX inhibited LPS-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β while restoring the levels of the anti-inflammatory marker CD206, without affecting cell viability. Notably, CoTX exerted its anti-neuroinflammatory and antidepressant-like effects by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway, while had no effect on STAT3 phosphorylation. Collectively, our findings indicate that CoTX alleviates LPS-induced depression-like behaviors by inhibiting microglial activation and neuroinflammation possibly involving the NF-κB pathway, highlighting its therapeutic potential for inflammation-associated depression.
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7. Reconciling molecular persistence and functional recovery: A hybrid four-layer computational model of botulinum neurotoxin A.
PMID:日期:2026-12-01Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) produces chemodenervation through receptor-associated uptake, light-chain translocation, and SNAP-25 cleavage, yet molecular persistence and clinical recovery may occur on different time scales. We built a literature-informed four-layer model linking ganglioside/SV2-associated binding, endocytosis with pH-dependent translocation, persistent light-chain activity with SNAP-25 cleavage, and calibrated reinnervation/remodeling. The model was verified numerically, evaluated against predefined time-scale targets, and tested with one-at-a-time and Morris global sensitivity analyses. At baseline, ternary-complex formation reached 90.09% of the effective local BoNT/A input and cytosolic light chain peaked at 0.07156 nM at 77.0 min. Force nadir occurred at day 4.2 with 26.1% residual force. Functional recovery reached 50%, 75%, and 90% at 61.6, 96.6, and 126.4 days, whereas the molecular 50% SNAP-25 cleavage threshold occurred at 329.5 days. All eight consistency targets were satisfied. Morris screening showed that functional recovery was driven primarily by reinnervation parameters and molecular persistence by toxin exposure, cleavage efficiency, and light-chain persistence. Re-anchoring the recovery layer to rodent observations returned functional recovery at day 27.9 while the unchanged molecular layers produced a larger molecular-to-functional time-scale ratio; varying sprouting latency shifted functional recovery by 30 days under imposed molecular invariance. Across three simulated injections the cleaved SNAP-25 burden rose to 85% and recovery lengthened, a prolongation whose sensitivity profile was dominated by toxin exposure and cleavage efficiency rather than baseline reinnervation parameters. These extensions test internal consistency rather than provide external validation. The framework supports reinnervation/remodeling as a plausible bridge between prolonged molecular blockade and earlier functional recovery, and indicates that the two become increasingly coupled under repeated dosing.
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8. Shared Ly6/uPAR structural features and epitope mapping of CD59 and the Crotalus neutralizing factor (CNF).
PMID:日期:2026-12-01Structural motifs can be conserved among proteins with low primary-sequence identity, potentially supporting distinct yet related molecular functions. Endogenous phospholipase A inhibitors from snake plasma (sbPLIs) include the γ-type inhibitor from Crotalus durissus terrificus, known as Crotalus neutralizing factor (CNF), which protects the snake by selectively inhibiting the lethal and PLA activities of crotoxin (CTx). CD59, a complement regulator and single-LU-domain member of the Ly6/uPAR superfamily, shares the three-finger fold with CNF, raising the possibility of structural and functional convergence. Here, CD59 linear peptide arrays produced by SPOT synthesis were probed with CB, the PLA subunit of CTx, to identify CD59 regions capable of binding CB. Two reactive clusters were mapped, and derived peptides were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit the PLA activity of CTx and CB in vitro. Four CD59-derived peptides interacted with CB on the arrays; however, none inhibited PLA activity, in contrast to native CNF used as a positive control. These findings indicate that, although CD59 contains linear segments that recognize CB, this interaction is not sufficient to reproduce the PLA-inhibitory function of CNF, suggesting that any functional interplay between these Ly6/uPAR proteins is likely to depend on more complex structural determinants.
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9. Snakebite envenoming in the Caribbean: Report of a regional workshop.
PMID:日期:2026-12-01Snakebite envenoming is a public health hazard in some of the Caribbean islands and in the regions of Mexico and Central and South America facing the Caribbean. An international collaborative network was established in the last decade, involving diverse stakeholders in the Caribbean region, with the aim of developing research projects on venoms, envenoming, and antivenoms, improving the clinical management of envenoming, and strengthening public health interventions. Regional workshops have been organized since 2017 in French Guiana, Martinique and Saint Lucia. As a follow up of these developments, a fourth workshop took place at Instituto Clodomiro Picado (University of Costa Rica) in November 2025. This report summarizes the presentations at the workshop and presents the current and future tasks discussed at the workshop to reduce the burden of snakebite envenoming in the region.
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10. Mad honey poisoning in Nepal: ecology, epidemiology, and clinical spectrum of grayanotoxin intoxication (2009-2026).
PMID:日期:2026-12-01Wild honey from the Himalayan cliff bee Apis laboriosa, commonly known as mad honey, has been consumed across Nepal's mid-Himalayan belt for centuries for its perceived medicinal and psychoactive properties, yet its capacity to cause grayanotoxin poisoning has never been systematically documented. The bee forages on Rhododendron species whose nectar contains grayanotoxins, which become concentrated in the honey it produces. We reviewed 27 publications describing approximately 68 cases of grayanotoxin poisoning spanning five decades, situating the clinical epidemiology within the ecological framework of the Rhododendron-Apis laboriosa-human toxin pathway. Most cases originate in Gandaki Province, with Bagmati and Koshi Provinces increasingly represented. Middle-aged men account for roughly 72% of patients, predominantly self-treating hypertension or sexual dysfunction, and poisonings cluster sharply in spring when Rhododendron bloom and honey harvest coincide. Bradycardia and hypotension occur in nearly every case; a smaller subset develops neurological or psychiatric symptoms, and no fatalities have been recorded. Diagnosis remains entirely clinical, as grayanotoxin assay capacity is absent across all Nepali hospitals. Mad honey is increasingly traded online to consumers in North America, Europe, and East Asia who lack the dosing knowledge of traditional Himalayan communities, while A. laboriosa populations continue to decline from overharvesting and habitat loss. A thorough understanding of this toxin pathway is essential for evidence-based risk communication, trade regulation, and conservation of a critical high-altitude pollinator.