靶向霉菌毒素毒性：从分子机制到营养干预

摘要(中文译文)

霉菌毒素污染是食品和饲料安全以及人类和动物健康的重要威胁，尤其涉及氧化应激、细胞凋亡、自噬、炎症和菌群失调。霉菌毒素构成重大健康威胁，因为它们扰乱细胞稳态并诱导氧化损伤。营养因素，如膳食抗氧化剂和生物活性化学物质，可以影响机体对霉菌毒素暴露的反应，或减轻或增强其效应。本研究探讨了霉菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素B1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和赭曲霉毒素A）如何通过产生活性氧（ROS）介导的DNA损伤来诱导氧化应激，进而引起细胞损伤并激活细胞凋亡——一种对组织完整性至关重要的程序性细胞死亡过程。此外，霉菌毒素改变自噬，这是一种细胞降解过程，根据具体情况可能有益或具有破坏性，影响细胞存活。炎症反应尤为重要，因为霉菌毒素诱导的氧化应激和细胞损伤激活炎症通路，从而促进组织损伤和疾病进展。富含抗氧化剂、抗炎物质（番茄红素、姜黄素、百里香油、阿拉伯胶和生姜）、益生菌和益生元的营养因素显示出通过减少氧化应激和炎症来减轻这些负面后果的潜力。分子生物学和组学技术（转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和单细胞测序）的进步可以增进对潜在通路的了解，从而实现更有针对性的营养建议和药物干预。最后，将膳食调节与霉菌毒素风险管理相结合是保护健康和提高动物对霉菌毒素相关毒性抵抗力的可行途径。

Abstract

Mycotoxin contamination is an important threat to food and feed safety as well as human and animal health, with particular emphasis on oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and dysbiosis. Mycotoxins represent major health threats because they disturb cellular homeostasis and induce oxidative damage. Nutritional factors, such as dietary antioxidants and bioactive chemicals, can influence the body's reaction to mycotoxin exposure, either reducing or increasing its effects. This study discusses how mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A) induce oxidative stress by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage, which induces cellular damage and activates apoptosis, an intended cell death process that is critical for tissue integrity. Furthermore, mycotoxins alter autophagy, a cellular degradation process that can be beneficial or destructive depending on the situation, affecting cell survival. The inflammatory response is particularly important because mycotoxin-induced oxidative stress and cell damage activate inflammatory pathways, which contribute to tissue injury and disease progression. Nutritional factors high in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory substances (Lycopene, Curcumin, Thyme oil, Gum Arabic, and Ginger), probiotics, and prebiotics show potential in mitigating these negative consequences by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Advances in molecular biology and omics technologies (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and single-cell sequencing) can lead to better knowledge of the underlying pathways, allowing for more tailored nutritional recommendations and medicinal interventions. Finally, combining dietary modulation with mycotoxin risk management is a viable path for protecting health and increasing resilience to mycotoxin-related toxicities in animals.

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