大西洋鲑鱼眼睛和大脑在烟熏过程中视觉和非视觉感光以及昼夜节律钟的发育转变
Developmental transition of visual and nonvisual photoreception and circadian clock during smoltification in the eye and brain of Atlantic salmon.
摘要(中文译文)
光周期的季节性变化是调节大西洋鲑溯河生活史中生理和行为变化的重要线索。春季光周期延长促进了幼鲑-降海银化转变（parr-smolt transformation）或称银化（smoltification），即鱼类从河流向海洋的迁移。光周期信息通过光-脑-垂体轴传递，导致垂体激素刺激与这一转变相关的改变。光环境由视杆细胞和视锥细胞中的眼部光色素感知以传递图像形成信息，同时也通过非视觉光感受器将生物过程与昼夜和年周期光节律同步，这一过程通过分子钟机制实现。本研究通过RNA测序揭示了银化过程中视觉和非视觉视蛋白基因及钟基因的动态表达。结果显示，硬骨鱼视觉系统发生了显著转变，表现为串联重复的中波长敏感（mws或“绿色”）和长波长敏感（lws或“红色”）视蛋白基因在海水迁移期间表达发生变化，使绿色视蛋白的光谱敏感性向短波长方向移动达40 nm。与此同时，形成具有最极端吸收最大值光色素的lws视蛋白基因表达上调。在非视觉视蛋白中，松果体特异性的外视紫红质（exorhodopsin）在海水环境中大幅上调，与决定褪黑素合成的重要酶表达增加相吻合。分析银化过程中表达的鲑科鱼类分子钟组分显示，钟基因呈动态表达，其表达变化既与光周期变化相关，也与从淡水到海水的发育转变相关。硬骨鱼脑在银化过程中的转录组谱被证明与支撑哺乳动物光周期模型的重要基因相吻合，这些基因驱动夏季和冬季生理，支持调节脊椎动物季节性的共同光周期通路。
Abstract
Seasonal variation in photoperiod is an important cue that regulates changes in physiology and behavior during the anadromous lifestyle of Atlantic salmon. The parr-smolt transformation or smoltification, where fish migrate from rivers to the ocean, is promoted by an increased photoperiod in the spring. Photoperiodic information is transferred through the light-brain-pituitary axis, resulting in pituitary hormones stimulating changes related to this transition. The light environment is perceived by ocular photopigments in the rods and cones that convey image formation and via nonvisual photoreceptors entraining biological processes that synchronize with circadian and circannual light rhythms through the molecular clock mechanism. In this study, the dynamic expression of visual and nonvisual opsin genes and clock genes through smoltification were revealed by RNA sequencing. The results showed a dramatic transition of the teleost visual system by changes in expression of the tandem duplicated medium-wavelength-sensitive (mws or "green") and long-wavelength-sensitive (lws or "red") opsin genes during seawater migration, shifting the spectral sensitivity of the green opsins by up to 40 nm towards shorter wavelengths. Concomitantly, the expression of the lws opsin gene that forms a photopigment with the most extreme absorbance maximum was upregulated. Among the nonvisual opsins, the pineal-specific exorhodopsin was greatly upregulated in seawater, coinciding with an increased expression of important enzymes that dictate melatonin synthesis. Analyzing the components of the salmonid molecular clock expressed during smoltification showed that clock genes were dynamically expressed with changes in expression both related to changes in the photoperiod and the developmental transition from freshwater to seawater. The transcriptomic profile of the teleost brain through smoltification was shown to coincide with important genes that underpin the mammalian model of photoperiodism that drive summer and winter physiology, supporting common photoperiodic pathways that regulate seasonality in vertebrates.
如何引用
AMA
Mariann Eilertsen, David W P Dolan, Rita Karlsen, Tom Ole Nilsen, Wayne I L Davies, Jon Vidar Helvik. Developmental transition of visual and nonvisual photoreception and circadian clock during smoltification in the eye and brain of Atlantic salmon.. PloS one. 2026; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0349748.
APA
Mariann Eilertsen, David W P Dolan, Rita Karlsen, Tom Ole Nilsen, Wayne I L Davies, Jon Vidar Helvik (2026). Developmental transition of visual and nonvisual photoreception and circadian clock during smoltification in the eye and brain of Atlantic salmon.. PloS one. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0349748
GB/T 7714
Mariann Eilertsen, David W P Dolan, Rita Karlsen, Tom Ole Nilsen, Wayne I L Davies, Jon Vidar Helvik. Developmental transition of visual and nonvisual photoreception and circadian clock during smoltification in the eye and brain of Atlantic salmon.[J]. PloS one, 2026 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0349748.
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