癌症 cancer - PubMed 文献
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关于 癌症
癌症（cancer）是一类以细胞异常增殖、侵袭和转移为特征的疾病总称，属于肿瘤学（oncology）与病理学（pathology）的核心研究范畴。其本质是基因突变累积导致细胞周期调控失常、凋亡受阻及组织稳态破坏。中文常称“恶性肿瘤”，英文同义词包括 malignancy、neoplasm、tumor（广义）等。癌症并非单一疾病，而是涵盖癌（carcinoma）、肉瘤（sarcoma）、白血病（leukemia）、淋巴瘤（lymphoma）等百余种亚型的异质性集合。按解剖系统、组织来源及分子特征可进一步分类，如肺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌等。该概念横跨基础医学、临床医学、流行病学与转化研究，是生物医学领域文献量最大的主题之一。
癌症研究的热点覆盖多个层面：在分子机制上，聚焦驱动基因突变、表观遗传调控、肿瘤微环境与免疫逃逸；在临床领域，关注早筛标志物、靶向治疗、免疫检查点抑制剂及耐药机制；在流行病学方面，涉及风险因素、预防策略与生存分析。经典议题包括癌基因与抑癌基因失衡、转移级联反应、肿瘤异质性与克隆演化。代表性期刊有《Cancer Cell》《Nature Reviews Cancer》《Journal of Clinical Oncology》《CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians》等；学者如Robert Weinberg、Douglas Hanahan等在该领域具有广泛影响。
PubMed增强版为癌症主题的读者提供多项实用功能：支持中英文摘要对照翻译，帮助快速理解非母语文献；展示期刊影响因子与分区信息，辅助评估文献权威性；提供合规的PDF全文下载链接，减少跳转障碍；内置AI阅读工具可提炼研究目的、方法、结果与结论，提升海量文献的筛选效率。对于需要追踪癌症机制、治疗或流行病学进展的用户，这些功能有助于在庞大文献库中高效定位关键信息。
癌症 的 PubMed 搜索结果
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Suppression of 19S proteasome subunits marks emergence of an altered cell state in diverse cancers. 19S蛋白酶体亚基的抑制标志着多种癌症中出现了一种改变的细胞状态
The use of proteasome inhibitors to target cancer's dependence on altered protein homeostasis has been greatly limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Analyzing data from thousands of cancer lines and tumors, we find that those with suppressed expression of one or more 19S proteasome subunits show intrinsic proteasome inhibitor resistance. Moreover, such proteasome subunit suppression is associated with poor outcome in myeloma patients, where proteasome inhibitors are a mainstay of treatment. Beyond conferring resistance to proteasome inhibitors, proteasome subunit suppression also serves as a sentinel of a more global remodeling of the transcriptome. This remodeling produces a distinct gene signature and new vulnerabilities to the proapoptotic drug, ABT-263. This frequent, naturally arising imbalance in 19S regulatory complex composition is achieved through a variety of mechanisms, including DNA methylation, and marks the emergence of a heritably altered and therapeutically relevant state in diverse cancers.
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[Breast cancer prevention: from chemoprevention to prophylactic surgery]. [乳腺癌预防：从化学预防到预防性手术]
The breast cancer prevention is based on mastectomy hormonal deprivation (surgical or chemical) and the use of drugs acting on cell signalization pathways, which provoke the cancerization (these drugs are not officially authorized in France). Analysis of the literature selected from the Medline base on the keywords: breast cancer; chemoprevention; prophylactic surgery; tamoxifene; raloxifene; BRCA. Four trials on the chemoprevention by tamoxifene show a reduction in the breast cancer incidence from 22% up to 33% in the treated patients, limited to oestrogen-dependant cancers, especially in the populations at risk high (histological or genetic) even in the event of concomitant hormonal replacement therapy. The benefit seems continue in time. Raloxifene and tamoxifene effects are comparable with bone benefits and a less risk of endometrial cancer for raloxifene, but the risk of venous thrombosis is still persisting. The breast prophylactic surgery is effective mainly in case of genetic elevated risk when it is practiced in the young age, and requires a patient agreement (the decision needs to follow the patient advice after complete information). The prophylactic ovariectomy has a positive impact on the mammal risk even in the high genetic risk women. The breast cancer prevention requires a better selection of the patients, an adaptation of the type of prevention taking account of the balance risks and benefits (mammals and extramammals) before a clinical use in routine.
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Expression profiling of fecal colonocytes for RNA-based screening of colorectal cancer. 粪便结肠细胞的表达谱分析用于基于RNA的结直肠癌筛查
The early detection of colorectal cancer originating from any part of the colorectum is desirable because this cancer can be cured surgically if diagnosed early. We searched for marker genes for a fecal RNA-based colorectal cancer screening method by comparison of genome-wide expression profiles among cancerous and non-cancerous tissues, and healthy volunteer- and cancer patient-derived colonocytes from the feces, and the peripheral blood. Of 14,564 genes, only 3 (PAP, REG1A, and DPEP1) were selectable as final candidates which were expressed frequently at any stage of this cancer and were suppressed in non-cancerous tissues and also in the peripheral blood and colonocytes of healthy volunteers. Next, we directly compared fecal RNA-expression profiles between colorectal cancer patients and healthy volunteers, and found that most of the genes (92%) expressed in the colonocytes of the cancer patients were not expressed in those of the healthy volunteers. Six genes (SEPP1, RPL27A, ATP1B1, EEF1A1, SFN, and RPS11) selected randomly from 85 cancer patient-derived colonocyte-specific genes were evaluated. In total, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or focused microarray of all those 9 genes detected 18 (78%) of 23 curable colorectal cancers (Dukes stages A-C), 9 or 10 (64% or 71%) of 14 early cancers with no lymph node metastasis (Dukes stage A or B) and 4 (80%) of 5 right-sided cancers. Our extensive gene list provides other markers for fecal RNA-based colorectal cancer screening.
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Epidemiology of Cancer. 癌症流行病学
[中文摘要] 癌症是一个庞大而异质的恶性肿瘤群体，2020年在美国共造成约60万人死亡；只有心脏病夺去了更多的生命。关于大多数癌症类型的流行病学，包括其病因，已经积累了大量知识。在大多数高收入国家，成年人中最常见的癌症类型是肺癌、结直肠癌、女性乳腺癌、皮肤黑色素瘤和前列腺癌。一般来说，癌症在儿童和青少年中的发病率和死亡率非常低，成年后随着年龄的增长呈指数级增长。大多数癌症的发病率存在明显的国际差异。癌症最重要的原因是吸烟（主要是吸烟）、过量饮酒、肥胖、缺乏体育活动、饮食中水果和蔬菜含量低、传染源和阳光照射。早期发现可以降低一个人死于女性乳腺癌、宫颈癌、结肠癌和直肠癌、肺癌和前列腺癌的几率。尽管美国最常见的癌症继续对公共卫生产生重大影响，但它们全部或部分是由人民和政府通过选择控制的因素引起的。其中包括吸烟和饮酒、肥胖、饮食中水果和蔬菜含量低、缺乏体育活动以及日晒。因此，如果更多的人避免接触癌症，很大一部分的影响可以得到改善。
[英文摘要] Cancers are a large and heterogeneous group of malignant tumors that collectively accounted for approximately 600 000 US deaths in 2020; only heart disease claimed more lives. A large amount of knowledge has accumulated regarding the epidemiology of most cancer types, including their causes. The cancer types most frequently diagnosed among adults in most high-income countries are lung, colorectal, female breast, cutaneous melanoma, and prostate. In general cancer incidence and mortality is very low in children and adolescents, rising exponentially with increasing age during adulthood. There is marked international variation in the incidence of most cancers. The most important causes of cancer are tobacco use (primarily cigarette use), excess alcohol consumption, obesity, lack of physical activity, diets low in fruits and vegetables, infectious agents, and sun exposure. Early detection can reduce the chances that a person will die of cancers of the female breast, uterine cervix, colon and rectum, lung, and prostate. Although the most common cancers in the United States continue to have a substantial impact on public health, they are caused in whole or part by factors over which people and governments have control through choices they make. Among these are tobacco and alcohol use, obesity, diets low in fruits and vegetables and lack of physical activity, and sun exposure. Thus, a very large proportion of cancer's impact could be ameliorated if more people avoided these exposures.
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Mapping cancer origins. 绘制癌症起源图
Cancer comprises a bewildering assortment of diseases that kill 7.5 million people each year. Poor understanding of cancer's diversity currently thwarts our goal of a cure for every patient, but recent integration of genomic and stem cell technologies promises a route through this impasse.
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Pediatric Cancer Genetics and Genomics. 儿童癌症遗传学和基因组学
[中文摘要] 通过下一代测序对儿科癌症的DNA和RNA进行分子分析已被证明可以改善诊断和预后，并识别表明易受靶向治疗的躯体改变。因此，与成人癌症的治疗非常相似，分子分析现在被常规用于儿科癌症的临床工作流程中，作为常规病理诊断的伴侣。通过DNA分析鉴定出的许多未知意义的变体的特征是通过CRISPR编辑技术和巧妙的功能检测实现的饱和基因组编辑。新技术和分析揭示了癌症驱动因素和儿童癌症DNA基因融合的额外结构复杂性。类似地，计算方法，如罕见变异关联研究和多基因风险评分，正在被用来识别新的癌症易感性。这些进步共同扩大了我们对癌症儿科复杂性的理解，并推动了新兴方法的发展，如基于液体生物系统的监测。
[英文摘要] Molecular profiling of DNA and RNA from pediatric cancers by next-generation sequencing has been demonstrated to improve diagnosis and prognosis and to identify somatic alterations indicating vulnerability to targeted therapies. Hence, much like in the treatment of adult cancers, molecular profiling is now routinely utilized in clinical workflows for pediatric cancers as a companion to conventional pathology diagnosis. Many variants of unknown significance identified through DNA profiling are being characterized by saturation genome editing, enabled by CRISPR editing technology and clever functional assays. Newer technologies and analytics are revealing additional structural complexity around cancer drivers and gene fusions in pediatric cancer DNA. Similarly, computational methods such as rare variant association studies and polygenic risk scoring are being used to identify novel cancer susceptibility. Together, these advances are expanding our understanding of pediatric cancer's complexity and fueling the development of emerging methods such as liquid biopsy-based monitoring.
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Elevated expression of nuclear protein kinase CK2α as a poor prognosis indicator in lymph node cancerous metastases of human thyroid cancers. 核蛋白激酶CK2α表达升高作为人甲状腺癌淋巴结癌转移不良预后指标
To investigate the expression of protein kinase CK2α (CK2α) in human thyroid disease and its relationship with thyroid cancer metastasis. Using immunohistochemistry we measured the expression of CK2α in 76 benign and malignant human thyroid cancer tissues, including 10 pairs of papillary carcinoma tissues with or without lymph node cancerous metastasis and similarly 10 pairs of lymph nodes. The expression of CK2α was found to be higher in thyroid carcinoma cases (papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and medullary carcinoma) than in ones such as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, nodular goiter and adenoma. These findings were also confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. More strikingly, elevated expression of CK2α in thyroid papillary carcinoma tissues was not only significantly associated with lymph node cancerous metastasis and clinical stage of thyroid cancers; but also correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and high tenascin C (TNC) expression. In addition, EMT and high TNC expression in thyroid carcinoma tissues was significantly associated with lymph node cancerous metastasis. Elevated expression of nuclear CK2α is a poor prognosis indicator in lymph node cancerous metastasis of human thyroid cancers.
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[Cancer screening: blessing or curse?] 【癌症筛查：福还是祸？】
Cancer screening seems intuitively logical: early detection to prevent worse outcomes. However, this article reveals the complexity behind this assumption. Cancer's linear growth model- on which early detection was based - proves outdated. Cancers grow at vastly different rates; some even stop or disappear spontaneously. The main problem is overdiagnosis: in Dutch breast cancer screening, approximately 2,000 women are treated annually for cancers that would never cause symptoms. Epidemiological data show a persistent increase in stage I cancers without a decline in stage IV cases - a sign of overdiagnosis. Screening has a Janus face: on one hand life-saving potential, on the other unnecessary treatments with side effects. Effectiveness must be proven through randomized trials that reduce cancer-specific and overall mortality. Citizens deserve honest information about this balance between intuition and scientific evidence. Core message: Screening only works if it reduces mortality, not merely by finding more cancers.
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Unmasking cancer's hidden nerve route with patient-derived organoids. 用患者来源的类器官揭示癌症隐藏的神经通路
Chan et al. show that enteric neurons influence lipid metabolism in gastric cancer organoids, affecting dependencies on key enzymes. Using CRISPR screening and metabolic analysis, their work highlights how microenvironmental signals impact tumor metabolism and potential treatment targets in gastric cancer.
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Cancer's molecular sweet tooth and the Warburg effect. 癌症的分子甜食和Warburg效应
More than 80 years ago, the renowned biochemist Otto Warburg described how cancer cells avidly consume glucose and produce lactic acid under aerobic conditions. Recent studies arguing that cancer cells benefit from this phenomenon, termed the Warburg effect, have renewed discussions about its exact role as cause, correlate, or facilitator of cancer. Molecular advances in this area may reveal tactics to exploit the cancer cell's "sweet tooth" for cancer therapy.