Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) levels in depressive disorders - A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between GDF-15 and depression in adult populations.
生长分化因子-15（GDF-15）已被提出作为炎症和细胞应激的生物标志物，二者均与抑郁症的病理生理学相关。我们进行了一项系统综述和荟萃分析，以评估循环GDF-15水平与抑郁症之间的关联。纳入评估成人抑郁症患者GDF-15水平的观察性研究。符合条件的研究报告了血液中测得的GDF-15水平，并使用了标准化的抑郁症诊断标准。采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表评估研究质量。对具有可用数据的研究子集进行了荟萃分析。共纳入13项研究，总计55,985名参与者，其中4,997人患有抑郁症。研究人群包括晚年抑郁症、卒中后抑郁症、仅男性以及一般成人队列。大多数研究（n=12）发现抑郁症患者的GDF-15水平升高。6项研究被纳入荟萃分析（n=5657），结果显示抑郁症患者的GDF-15水平显著高于对照组（标准化均数差[SMD]=0.39，95%CI：0.19至0.58；p=0.0039）。异质性为中至高度（I=68.7%），但在排除一项研究后大幅降低。GDF-15与抑郁症严重程度之间的相关性在各研究间不一致。抑郁症患者循环GDF-15水平呈中度但显著升高，支持其作为抑郁症潜在炎症生物标志物的作用。然而，测量方法、研究人群和抑郁症评估的变异性限制了普遍适用性。需要进一步的纵向和机制研究来阐明GDF-15在抑郁症诊断和预后中的临床效用。
Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) has been proposed as a biomarker of inflammation and cellular stress, both of which are implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between circulating GDF-15 levels and depression. Observational studies assessing GDF-15 levels in adults with depression were included. Eligible studies reported GDF-15 levels measured in blood and used standardized diagnostic criteria for depression. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A meta-analysis was performed on a subset of studies with available data. Thirteen studies with a total of 55,985 participants were included, of whom 4997 had depression. Study populations included late-life, post-stroke, male-only, and general adult cohorts. Most studies (n = 12) found elevated GDF-15 levels in individuals with depression. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis (n = 5657), which revealed significantly higher GDF-15 levels in depressed individuals compared to controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.58; p = 0.0039). Heterogeneity was moderate to high (I = 68.7%) but reduced substantially upon exclusion of one study. Correlations between GDF-15 and depression severity were inconsistent across studies. Circulating GDF-15 levels are moderately but significantly elevated in individuals with depression, supporting its role as a potential inflammatory biomarker of depression. However, variability in measurement methods, study populations, and depression assessments limits generalizability. Further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are needed to clarify the clinical utility of GDF-15 in depression diagnosis and prognosis.
Aidan Jones-Murphy, Ena Liew, Anuradha Baminiwatta, Serena Griffin, Michael Berk, Breno S Diniz, et al. Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) levels in depressive disorders - A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between GDF-15 and depression in adult populations.. Journal of affective disorders. 2026; doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121837.
Aidan Jones-Murphy, Ena Liew, Anuradha Baminiwatta, Serena Griffin, Michael Berk, Breno S Diniz, et al (2026). Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) levels in depressive disorders - A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between GDF-15 and depression in adult populations.. Journal of affective disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.121837
Aidan Jones-Murphy, Ena Liew, Anuradha Baminiwatta, Serena Griffin, Michael Berk, Breno S Diniz, et al. Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) levels in depressive disorders - A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between GDF-15 and depression in adult populations.[J]. Journal of affective disorders, 2026 doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121837.
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