Comparative Evaluation of the Wear Rate of Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Bulk-Fill Composite Using 3D Scan in Extracted Teeth and Its Association With Clinical Wear Rate in Class I and II Restorations: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
增强型玻璃离子水门汀（GICs）因其改善的机械性能和氟释放能力，作为后牙修复中树脂复合材料的潜在耐久替代方案而受到关注。然而，目前缺乏标准化的方案来评估其长期耐磨性和临床性能，尤其是在患者相关因素可变的情况下与 bulk-fill 树脂复合材料进行比较。本研究旨在制定一套标准化方案，评估增强型 GIC 作为 I 类和 II 类洞永久直接修复材料的适用性，并与 bulk-fill 树脂复合材料进行比较，同时将体外研究结果与临床磨损行为进行关联。本研究包括两个阶段：体外实验阶段和随后的相关性临床试验。在体外阶段，收集 40 颗拔除的人磨牙，按洞型分组：第 1 组（I 类洞；n = 20）、第 2 组（II 类洞；n = 20），并设亚组 a（增强型 GIC；n = 10）和亚组 b（bulk-fill 复合材料；n = 10）。修复后的样本在蒸馏水中储存 24 小时，并使用咀嚼模拟器施加相当于 6 个月和 12 个月临床功能的模拟咀嚼循环。使用 Geomagic 软件（3D Systems，Rock Hill，SC，美国）测定体积磨损量。在临床阶段，将相同材料、相同洞型配置的修复体置入患者口内，并定期监测三维磨损和体积变化。使用 Geomagic Control X（3D Systems，Rock Hill，SC，美国）和 WearCompare 软件对复制模型进行磨损评估，并使用修订版国际牙科联盟（FDI）标准对修复体进行分析。该标准化的体外-体内方案为评估增强型 GIC 与 bulk-fill 复合材料在后牙修复中的耐久性和临床相关性提供了可靠框架，有助于深入了解其在患者相关因素影响下的长期功能行为。
Reinforced glass ionomer cements (GICs) have gained attention as potential durable alternatives to resin composites for posterior restorations, owing to their improved mechanical properties and fluoride release. However, limited standardized protocols exist to assess their long-term wear resistance and clinical performance, particularly in comparison with bulk-fill resin composites under variable patient-related factors. This study aimed to develop a standardized protocol to evaluate the suitability of reinforced GIC as a durable permanent direct restorative material in Class I and Class II cavities compared with bulk-fill resin composites and to correlate in vitro findings with clinical wear behavior. The study consisted of two phases: an in vitro experimental phase followed by a correlational clinical trial. In the in vitro phase, 40 extracted human molar teeth were collected and divided according to cavity type: Group 1 (Class I cavities; n = 20), Group 2 (Class II cavities; n = 20), and subgroups a (reinforced GIC; n = 10) and b (bulk-fill composite; n = 10). The restored samples were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and subjected to simulated mastication cycles equivalent to six and 12 months of clinical function using a chewing simulator. Volumetric wear was determined using the Geomagic software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA). In the clinical phase, restorations made of the same materials and with the same cavity configurations were placed in patients and monitored periodically for three-dimensional wear and volumetric changes. The wear was assessed using the Geomagic Control X (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) and WearCompare software on replica models, and restorations were analyzed using the revised Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) criteria. The standardized in vitro-in vivo protocol provides a reliable framework to assess the durability and clinical relevance of reinforced GICs compared with bulk-fill composites in posterior restorations, offering insight into their long-term functional behavior under patient-related influences.
Kiranmayi Govula, Kowmudi Maddineni, Pavan Kumar, Swapna Sannapureddy, Sunil Kumar Chinni, Lavanya Anumula. Comparative Evaluation of the Wear Rate of Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Bulk-Fill Composite Using 3D Scan in Extracted Teeth and Its Association With Clinical Wear Rate in Class I and II Restorations: A Randomized Clinical Trial.. Cureus. 2026; doi:10.7759/cureus.101967.
Kiranmayi Govula, Kowmudi Maddineni, Pavan Kumar, Swapna Sannapureddy, Sunil Kumar Chinni, Lavanya Anumula (2026). Comparative Evaluation of the Wear Rate of Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Bulk-Fill Composite Using 3D Scan in Extracted Teeth and Its Association With Clinical Wear Rate in Class I and II Restorations: A Randomized Clinical Trial.. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.101967
Kiranmayi Govula, Kowmudi Maddineni, Pavan Kumar, Swapna Sannapureddy, Sunil Kumar Chinni, Lavanya Anumula. Comparative Evaluation of the Wear Rate of Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Bulk-Fill Composite Using 3D Scan in Extracted Teeth and Its Association With Clinical Wear Rate in Class I and II Restorations: A Randomized Clinical Trial.[J]. Cureus, 2026 doi:10.7759/cureus.101967.
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