细胞外囊泡与病毒的相互作用：跨物种和跨界的经验启示

摘要(中文译文)

细胞外囊泡（EVs）是细胞释放的膜性纳米颗粒，有助于塑造细胞外环境、清除细胞废物并介导细胞间通讯。其释放遍及不同界、物种和细胞类型，凸显了其功能重要性。病毒的释放同样在进化上广泛存在且具有异质性，病毒已进化出劫持宿主细胞机制的能力，以促进其在所有生命分支中的复制和传播。几乎所有病毒，无论是否有包膜，都会利用细胞外囊泡来调节感染动态，而细胞外囊泡在宿主对感染的反应中也发挥着关键作用。本综述探讨了在病毒物种的系统发育多样性中细胞外囊泡与病毒之间的相互作用。我们敦促病毒学家和细胞外囊泡生物学家超越单一感染模型，从近缘及远缘相关病毒（无论其感染哺乳动物、脊椎动物、昆虫、植物、细菌还是其他宿主）中所观察到的独特概念和共有共性中汲取经验。为促进这些努力，我们提供了关于DNA和RNA病毒科当前知识的全面、按分类学组织的概述，并讨论了感染期间细胞外囊泡释放和功能中反复出现的模式。

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles released by cells that help shape the extracellular environment, remove cellular waste, and mediate cell-to-cell communication. Their release is ubiquitous across kingdoms, species, and cell types, highlighting their functional importance. Nearly as evolutionarily widespread and heterogeneous is the release of viruses, which have evolved to co-opt the host's cellular machinery to facilitate their replication and spread within all branches of life. Nearly all viruses, enveloped or not, repurpose EVs to modulate infection dynamics, while EVs also play a crucial role in the host's response to infection. This review explores the interplay between EVs and viruses across the phylogenetic diversity of virus species. We urge virologists and EV biologists to look beyond a single infection model and learn from the unique concepts and shared commonalities observed between close, as well as distantly related viruses, whether they infect mammals, vertebrates, insects, plants, bacteria, or more. To facilitate these efforts, we provide a comprehensive, taxonomical overview of the current knowledge regarding DNA and RNA virus families, and discuss recurring motifs in EV release and function during infection.

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