植物非生物胁迫感知：生物化学和生物物理学基础。

摘要(中文译文)

植物在环境条件变得不利时无法迁移，因此依赖精密的机制来感知、解读和响应胁迫。胁迫感知是适应过程中第一步，也往往是最具决定性的步骤，因为它决定了下游信号传导和保护性反应启动的效率。本文综述聚焦于非生物胁迫感知的生化与生物物理基础，重点阐述物理和化学环境变化被编码、感知并转化为生物信号的基本分子逻辑。我们讨论了与温度胁迫、干旱、盐碱胁迫、淹水及土壤紧实相关的代表性感知机制，并考察了包括钙和活性氧在内的通用信使作为多种非生物胁迫核心整合者的作用。最后，我们指出了主要的未解问题，包括主要胁迫相关线索的身份、感知的空间组织以及复合胁迫的感知，并强调了新兴方法，包括人工智能驱动的生物分子建模、单细胞技术、合成生物学和基因组编辑，作为推进植物胁迫感知机制理解的有力工具。

Abstract

Plants cannot relocate when environmental conditions become unfavorable and therefore rely on sophisticated mechanisms to perceive, interpret, and respond to stresses. Stress sensing constitutes the first and often most decisive step in adaptation, because it determines how efficiently downstream signaling and protective responses are initiated. This review focuses on the biochemical and biophysical basis of abiotic-stress sensing, highlighting the fundamental molecular logic by which physical and chemical environmental changes are encoded, perceived, and converted into biological signals. We discuss representative sensing mechanisms associated with temperature stress, drought, salt and alkali stress, flooding, and soil compaction, and examine general messengers, including Ca and reactive oxygen species, as central integrators across diverse abiotic stresses. Finally, we identify major outstanding questions, including the identity of the primary stress-associated cues, the spatial organization of sensing, and the perception of combined stresses, and highlight emerging approaches, including AI-driven biomolecular modeling, single-cell techniques, synthetic biology, and genome editing, as powerful tools to advance the mechanistic understanding of plant stress sensing.

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