东南亚的护理人员：历史趋势、当代问题和区域解决方案的范围回顾
Nursing workforce in Southeast Asia: a scoping review of historical trends, contemporary issues, and regional solutions.
摘要(中文译文)
护理人力队伍对于维持卫生系统的运转至关重要，然而东南亚在招聘、留任和能力发展方面持续面临挑战。人力短缺、移民流动和培训标准不均衡等历史遗留问题至今仍在产生影响，与此同时，人口结构转型、大流行病和不断变化的照护需求所带来的日益增长的需求，进一步加剧了该职业所承受的压力。本范围综述旨在综合关于东南亚护理人力问题的历史与当前证据，重点关注职业能力、人力分布和政策应对。在既有范围综述框架的指导下，系统检索了区域和国际数据库、政策文件及灰色文献，时间跨度从殖民时期至2025年。对数据进行了图表化整理，以捕捉时间趋势、主题问题和多层次解决方案。人力问题包括长期短缺、技能组合失衡、向高收入地区移民、继续教育有限以及监管能力不均衡。新兴主题凸显了高级实践角色、数字健康能力以及危机情境下韧性建设的重要性。区域解决方案在多个层面均有体现：(i) 宏观层面——政策协调、通过东盟框架开展区域合作，以及对护理教育基础设施的投资；(ii) 中观层面——旨在加强工作场所环境、跨专业协作和留任策略的机构举措；(iii) 微观层面——针对当地卫生系统需求定制的能力本位培训、导师指导和领导力发展项目。解决东南亚护理人力问题需要以历史为依据、具有情境敏感性的策略，将区域协作与政策、机构和个人层面的务实解决方案相结合。此类方法对于提升职业能力、加强卫生系统以及在该地区实现全民健康覆盖至关重要。
Abstract
The nursing workforce is pivotal to sustaining healthcare systems, yet Southeast Asia faces persistent challenges in recruitment, retention, and competency development. Historical legacies of workforce shortages, migration, and uneven training standards continue to shape the present, as rising demands from demographic transitions, pandemics, and evolving care needs have intensified pressures on the profession. This scoping review aims to synthesize historical and current evidence on nursing workforce issues in Southeast Asia, with a focus on occupational competencies, workforce distribution, and policy responses. Guided by established scoping review frameworks, literature was systematically mapped from regional and international databases, policy documents, and grey sources spanning the colonial era to 2025. Data were charted to capture temporal trends, thematic issues, and multilevel solutions. Workforce issues include long-standing shortages, skill mix imbalances, migration to higher-income regions, limited continuing education, and uneven regulatory capacity. Emerging themes highlight the importance of advanced practice roles, digital health competencies, and resilience-building in crisis contexts. Regional solutions are evident at multiple levels: (i) Macro-level-policy harmonization, regional cooperation through ASEAN frameworks, and investment in nursing education infrastructure; (ii) Meso-level-institutional initiatives to strengthen workplace environments, interprofessional collaboration, and retention strategies; and (iii) Micro-level-competency-based training, mentorship, and leadership development programs tailored to local health system needs. Addressing nursing workforce issues in Southeast Asia requires historically informed, context-sensitive strategies that integrate regional collaboration with practical solutions across policy, institutional, and individual levels. Such approaches are essential for advancing occupational competency, strengthening health systems, and achieving universal health coverage in the region.
如何引用
AMA
Hanif Abdul Rahman, Siti Nurzaimah Nazhirah Zaim. Nursing workforce in Southeast Asia: a scoping review of historical trends, contemporary issues, and regional solutions.. BMC health services research. 2026; doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14633-9.
APA
Hanif Abdul Rahman, Siti Nurzaimah Nazhirah Zaim (2026). Nursing workforce in Southeast Asia: a scoping review of historical trends, contemporary issues, and regional solutions.. BMC health services research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-026-14633-9
GB/T 7714
Hanif Abdul Rahman, Siti Nurzaimah Nazhirah Zaim. Nursing workforce in Southeast Asia: a scoping review of historical trends, contemporary issues, and regional solutions.[J]. BMC health services research, 2026 doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14633-9.
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